home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
CNN Newsroom: Global View
/
CNN Newsroom: Global View.iso
/
eur
/
ire
/
ire.ec3
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-05-02
|
18KB
|
348 lines
<text>
<title>
Ireland: Economic Policy
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Ireland
</hdr>
<body>
<p>1. General Policy Framework
</p>
<p> Ireland has a small open economy which is very dependent on
trade. Exports of goods and services in 1990 were equivalent to
70 percent of GNP, while imports were equivalent to 61 percent
of GNP. Government policies are generally formulated to
facilitate trade and inward direct investment. Ireland has a
market economy, which is based primarily on private ownership.
Government ownership and control of companies generally occurs
in those sectors which are considered by the government to be
natural monopolies, those in which the state has stepped in to
assist failing firms, or those of special importance to the
economy. In the majority of cases, government-owned firms are
operated on a commercial basis, and may be in competition with
privately owned firms in the same sector. In recent years the
government has taken steps to reduce its share holding in a
number of companies which are considered commercially viable.
</p>
<p> Fiscal Policy--Ireland's government debt is approximately
IP 25.1 billion, of which about IP 8.9 billion is denominated
in foreign currencies. The debt has generally been financed by
the sale of government securities. The vast majority of the debt
was accumulated in the 1970's and early 1980's, partly as a
result of oil price shocks, but more generally as a result of
expanding social welfare programs and government employment. The
debt grew rapidly in the late 1970's and early 1980's due to
large government deficits. However, the government has made
considerable progress during the past four years in reducing
budget deficits and containing the growth of total debt.
</p>
<p> There has been general cooperation by major political
parties, labor and employers in the government's fiscal
austerity program since 1987. A three-year national economic
program formulated in 1987 by the "social partners" made major
contributions to the economic resurgence and fiscal corrections
which took place in the period from 1987 to 1990. Government
budget deficits fell dramatically while exports, investment and
consumer spending showed strong growth. A second three-year
national economic pact, known as the program for economic and
social progress (PESP), was agreed in early 1991. It contains
similar provisions for moderate wage increases and improvements
in government finances. Projections for 1991 indicate that
government borrowing will be about 2.5 percent of GNP.
</p>
<p> Irish tax policies have a major effect on personal
consumption and demand for imported goods. Personal income tax
rates are very high in Ireland. In the 1991 budget the
government reduced the standard rate of income tax from 30
percent to 29 percent, while the highest rate was reduced from
53 percent to 52 percent. Just over 60 percent of Irish tax
payers are in the standard rate bracket. Irish value added tax
(VAT) rates are among the highest in the European Community
(EC). In the 1991 budget, the government reduced the standard
rate of VAT from 23 to 21 percent. Further reductions are
expected in VAT rates as the government moves to approximate the
rates of other EC countries as part of the EC's program for a
single European market. The standard corporate income tax rate
in Ireland is 40 percent. Manufacturing firms and many exporting
firms pay only 10 percent on corporate income under special
arrangements designed to boost industrial development.
</p>
<p> Monetary Policy--Ireland's monetary policies are aimed
primarily at maintaining exchange rate stability within the
European Monetary System (EMS), which ireland joined in 1979.
Interest rates are the predominate tool used by the Central Bank
to affect monetary variables.
</p>
<p>2. Exchange Rate Policies
</p>
<p> Until 1979, the Irish Pound (IP) was pegged to the Pound
Sterling. In March 1979, Ireland joined the exchange rate
mechanism (ERM) of the EMS and broke its link to the British
currency. It has, however, endeavored to maintain a stable
competitive exchange rate against sterling due to the large
amount of trade carried on between Ireland and the U.K.
Membership in the ERM involves a commitment to maintain the
Irish currency within a 2.25 percent band against other ERM
currencies except for formal realignments. The Irish Pound has
been adjusted downward twice since Ireland joined the EMS; 3.5
percent in 1983 and 8 percent in 1986. As part of the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EC, Ireland has maintained
multiple exchange rates (known as green currency exchange rates)
on agricultural goods subject to the CAP.
</p>
<p> Under EC legislation, Ireland is committed to phasing out
all exchange controls by the end of 1992. Liberalization will
occur in two stages. In the first stage, effective January 1,
1992, the government will lift the remaining restrictions on
non-residents with Irish currency deposits in Ireland and on
residents investing in short term foreign securities and foreign
property. At the same time, the government will eliminate time
restrictions on foreign currency accounts held in Ireland by
residents. The second and final stage of foreign exchange
liberalization will take place in late 1992, and will include
the elimination of all remaining foreign exchange controls,
including restrictions on residents owning deposit accounts
abroad. Ireland still has exchange controls for foreign travel
and for individual investment abroad. Irish residents travelling
abroad are allowed to exchange up to IP 1200 automatically, and
more if the amount can be justified on the basis of the
traveler's itinerary. These restrictions will probably be
eliminated in the second phase of liberalization planned for
late 1992.
</p>
<p>3. Structural Policies
</p>
<p> In October 1991, the Irish Government adopted a new
Competition Act. The legislation marks a shift from the previous
system of restrictive practices orders and administrative
control, to a system which allows claims of anti-competitive
behavior to be pursued in the courts. As a result, the
government has revoked price controls on petroleum products and
all other restrictive practices orders, except one which deals
with the grocery trade. That order is also expected to be
revoked following a review of conditions in that sector of the
economy.
</p>
<p> Tax Policies--The Irish tax system for corporations favors
manufacturing and exporting companies. Those companies pay
income tax of only 10 percent, compared to the normal rate of
40 percent. This gap encourages the development of export and
manufacturing industries, and discourages growth in other
industries. The 10 percent corporate tax rate has been extended
by the government to the year 2010. Personal income tax rates
are relatively high, encouraging tax avoidance by people at all
income levels. The standard rate, 29 percent, is assessed on
single workers earning more than IP 3,400 ($5,236) and on
married workers earning more than IP 6,800 ($10,472). The top
rate for personal income tax is 52 percent and applies to single
workers earning more than IP 9,800 ($15,092) and married workers
earning more than IP 19,600 ($30,184). Many pay an additional
7.75 percent of their earnings for a variety of social security
programs. The standard rate of value added tax (VAT) is 21
percent, but many essential goods, including food, have a VAT
rate of zero. VAT rates and many excise taxes are the subject
of harmonization efforts in the European Community.
</p>
<p> Regulatory Policies--Government investment incentives are
weighted toward high technology, export oriented companies.
Capital grants by the Irish Industrial Development Authority
(IDA) reportedly have tended to favor capital intensive
investments over labor intensive ones.
</p>
<p>4. Debt Management Policies
</p>
<p> Ireland's total exchequer debt amounts to about IP 25.1
billion, or about 110 percent of estimated 1990 GNP. While the